Heat-insulated railway tank cars



5mm 1967 c. T. GRAVES HEAT-INSULATED RAILWAY TANK CARS 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Nov. 26, 1963 0F BOLSTER INVENTOR.

CHARLES T. GRAVES Jame 20, 1967 c, VE 3,326,141

HEAT-INSULATED RAILWAY TANK CARS Filed Nov. 26, 1963 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR.

CHARL E5 7'. GRA VES BY 1W6 WZUQZI ATTYS.

June 2G, 1967 "r. GRAVES HEAT-INSULATED RAILWAY TANK CARS 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Nov. 26. 1963 INVENTOR.

CHARLES 7: GRAVES & BY /5 4M (1% June 20, 1967 c. T. GRAVES 3,326,141

HEAT-INSULATED RAILWAY TANK CARS Filed Nov. 26, 1963 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 ATTYS.

,I/ l/ f 70 23 i INVENTOR. 70/ CHARLES I GRA VES June 20, 1967 c. T. GRAVES HEAT-INSULATED RAILWAY TANK CARS 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Nov. 26, 1963 INVENTOR.

CHARLES I GRfii VES @041 M ATTYS.

a w 9mm United States Patent 3,326,141 HEAT-INSULATED RAILWAY TANK CARS Charles T. Graves, Sharon, Pa., assignor to General American Transportation Corporation, Chicago, Iil., a corporation of New York Filed Nov. 26, 1963, Ser. No. 325,884 8 Claims. (Cl. 105-358) The present invention relates to heat-insulated railway tank cars.

It is a general object of the invention to provide a railway tank car of improved heat-insulated construction and arrangement that is especially adapted to transport a wide variety of hot and cold ladings, with a minimum heat-loss by a hot lading to the cold ambient,,and with a minimum heat-gain by a cold lading from the hot ambient.

Another object of the invention is to provide a railway'tank car comprising an outer shell of strong rigid self-supporting structure, an intermediate layer of resilient cellular material completely enclosed by the outer shell, and an inner liner of fluid-tight construction completely enclosed by the intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer consists essentially of a blown polyesterurethane resin of closed-cell structure entrapping substantial inert gas, and wherein the inert gas consists essentially of a chlorine-fluorine substituted alkane, whereby the intermediate layer has a K-factor at least as low as about 0.15 B.t.u./in./sq. ft./hr./ F. in order to heatinsulate from each other the outer shell and the inner liner, and whereby the intermediate layer is characterized by great chemical'and structural stability when the ladings contained in the inner liner have storage temperatures embracing the range from about 50 F. to about +300 F.

Another object of the invention is to provide a railway tank car of the character described, and further comprising one or more tubular fittings carried by the inner liner to facilitate loading and unloading of the lading with respect thereto, wherein each fitting projects through a pair of aligned holes respectively provided in the intermediate layer and in the outer shell, and wherein a body of heatinsulating material is arranged in surrounding relation with the inner portion of the fitting and within the holes mentioned in order to minimize heat-transfer along the fitting between the outer shell and the inner liner.

Another object of the invention is to provide a railway tank car, comprising a substantially horizontally disposed body including an outer shell of strong rigid self-supporting structure, an intermediate layer of resilient cellular material completely enclosed by the outer shell, and an inner liner of fluid-tight construction completely enclosed by the intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer consists essentially of a blown polyester-urethane resin of closed cell structure entrapping substantial inert gas, wherein the inert gas consists essentially of a chlorinefiuorine substituted alkane, whereby the intermediate layer has an exceeding low K-factor, and wherein the opposite end sections of the intermediate layer have relatively high density and the remainder of the intermediate layer has relatively low density, whereby the opposite end sections of the intermediate layer have higher compressive and tensile yield strengths than the remainder thereof in order to withstand the great longitudinal forces produced by the thermo-dynamic conditions experienced during operation of the tank car.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved railway tank car of the character described that may be manufactured employing a minimum number of simple steps which may be carried out in an economical manner.

3,326,141 Patented June 20, 1967 A further object of the invention is to provide an improved railway tank car construction, that permits substantial assembly of the outer shell about the inner liner and in spaced relation therewith prior to the blowing of the polyurethane resin therebetween to produce the intermediate layer.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved railway tank car construction, that readily accommodates the blowing of the several sections or portions of the intermediate layer with the uncured ingredients of the polyurethane resin of different density, so as to produce the corresponding sections or portions of the finally cured polyurethane resin of diiferent compressive and tensile yield strengths for the purpose previously noted.

Further features of the invention pertain to the particular arrangement of the elements of the railway tank car, whereby the above-outlined and additional operating-features thereof are attained.

- The invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following specification, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGURE 1 is a side elevational view of a railway tank car embodying the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged side elevational view, partly broken away, of the body of the railway tank car, as shown in FIG. 1; 7

FIG. 3 is an enlarged vertical sectional view of the body, this view being taken in the direction of the arrows along the line 33 in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a greatly enlarged fragmentary longitudinal vertical sectional view of the top central portion of the body, and illustrating the manway provided the inner liner of the body;

FIG. 5 is a greatly enlarged fragmentary longitudinal vertical sectional view of the top portion of the body, taken to one side of the top central portion thereof, and illustrating the inner portion of safety vent and flashing provided the inner liner and intermediate layer of the body;

the same in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 is an enlarged lateral sectional view of the partial assembly, this view being taken in the direction of the arrows along the line 88 in FIG. 7; 1

FIG. 9 is a greatly enlarged exploded fragmentary longitudinal sectional view of one end wall of the partial as- Sembly, as shown in FIG. 7;

FIG. 10 is an enlarged exploded longitudinal sectional view of a partial assembly of the body and arranged in a horizontal position and involvedin a modified form of the method of making the same in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 11 is an enlarged lateral sectional view of the partial assembly, this view being taken in the direction of the arrows along the line 11-11 in FIG. 10. 1

. Referring now to FIGS. 1 to 3, inclusive, of the draw ings, the railway tank car 10 there illustrated, and embodying the features of the present invention, is of the heat-insulated type and of a construction and arrangement that does not include an underframe. More particularly, the railway tank car 10 comprises an elongated longitudinally extending body 11 including a tubular laminated side wall 12 disposed in a substantially horizontal position and a pair of upstanding laminated end walls 13 and 14 respectively disposed at the opposite ends of the side wall 12. The side wall 12 is substantially cylindrical; and the end walls 13 and 14 are identical, each having a generally outwardly convex or bell-like configuration. The body 11 essentially comprises an outer shell 21 of strong rigid self-supporting structure, an intermediate layer 31 of resilient cellular material completely enclosed by the outer shell 21, and an inner liner 41 of fluid-tight construction completely enclosed by the intermediate layer 31. The general configurations of the elements 21, 31, and 41 are similar; whereby the outer shell 21 is substantially uniformly spaced by the intermediate layer 31 from the inner liner 41. Thus: the outer shell 21 includes the substantially cylindrical side wall 22 and the pair of substantially bell-like end walls 23 and 24; the intermediate layer 31 includes the substantially cylindrical side wall 32 and the pair of substantially bell-like end walls 33 and 34; and the inner liner 41 includes the substantially cylindrical side wall 42 and the pair of substantially bell-like end walls 43 and 44.

The outer shell 21 is of welded construction and formed of low carbon steel; the intermediate layer 31 is of blown cellular structure and formed of a particular synthetic organic resin more fully described hereinafter; and the inner liner 41 is of welded construction and formed of low carbon steel provided with an interior plastic coating or of suitable stainless steel for various corrosive ladings, etc. Also, the interior surface of the liner 41, when formed of stainless steel, is free of all cracks and surface irregularities, and is provided with a smooth, mirror-like finish, so as to provide a surface in contact with the contained lading that may be easily maintained in a clean and sanitary condition, in order to prevent any possible contamination of the contained lading. In the construction, the outer and inner surfaces of the intermediate layer 31 are respectively intimately bonded to the inner surface of the outer shell 21 and to the outer surface of the inner liner 41. Moreover, the intermediate layer 31 has a substantial thickness, in the general range 4 to 12'', in order completely to separate and to isolate the outer shell 21 from the inner liner 41 and resiliently to support the inner liner 41 upon the outer shell 21.

Further considering the construction of the tank car 10, it is noted that the opposite lower end portions of the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21 respectively carry two arcuateshaped saddle plates that are rig-idly secured thereto, as by Welding. Each of the saddle plates 15 comprises a base section 15b disposed directly below the adjacent end of the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21, and a pair of arm sections 15a. respectively disposed below the opposite side portions of the adjacent end of the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21, as best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In turn, two longitudinally extending and aligned stub draft sills 16 are respectively disposed below the base sections 15b of the saddle plates 15 and rigidly secured thereto, as by welding. In turn, the two stub draft sills 16 respectively carry two laterally extending body bolsters 17 rigidly secured thereto, as by welding; each of the body bolsters 17 carries'a pair of upstanding pedestals 18 rigidly secured thereto adjacent'to the opposite ends thereof, as by welding; and each of the pedestals 18 is rigidly secured to the adjacent arm section 1511 of they associated saddle plate 15. Thus, each of the stub draft sills 16 is rigidly secured to the adjacent end portion of the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21 via the adjacent saddle plate 15, the adjacent body bolster 17 and the adjacent pair of pedestals 18.

The stub draft sills 16 are arranged in longitudinal alignment with each other and with the center lines thereof disposed in a vertical plane passing through the longitudinal center line of the body 11. The body bolsters 17 are respectively supported by truck bolsters respectively carried by wheeled trucks 19 respectively disposed therebelow, each of the body bolsters 17 being connected to the adjacent truck bolster by a center pin, not shown, so as to accommodate articulation of the truck 19 with respect to the associated body bolster 17 in a conventional manner. Also the outer ends of the respective stub draft sills 16 are hollow and are adapted respectively to receive conventional draft gears, not shown, in a conventional manner.

In view of the foregoing description of the arrangement of the stub draft sills 16 and the associated elements it will be appreciated that the railway tank car 10 does not comprise the usual underframe; whereby the draft and buff forces are applied between the stub draft sills 16 through the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21, without the provision of an underframe or any other equivalent rigid auxiliary structure interconnecting the stub draft sills 16.

Further: the top central portion of the body 11 carries manway structure 50; the top of the body 11 carries, to one side of the manway structure 50, a safety vent and the bottom central portion of the body 11 carries an outlet valve 90. Also, the top central portion of the body 11 carries an annular platform disposed in surrounding relation with the manway structure 50; which platform 110 is preferably of the construction and arrangement of that disclosed in US. Patent No. 3,084,638, granted on Apr. 9, 1963 to Joseph W. Allegretti.

Referring now to FIG. 4, the top central portion of the side wall 42 of the inner liner 41 has a substantially circular opening formed therein, into which a fiat substantially annular ring 45 is rigidly secured in place, as by welding. The manway structure 50 comprises an upstanding tubular manway 51 carrying a flat annular ring 52 in surrounding relation with the lower end thereof and rigidly secured thereto, as by welding; which ring 52 is arranged on top of the ring 45 and detachably secured thereto by a plurality of studs 53 carried by the ring 45 and disposed in an annular array and projecting upwardly from the ring 45 through cooperating holes provided in the ring 52 and disposed in a corresponding annular array. A sealing gasket 54 of flat ring like form is arranged between the adjacent surfaces of the rings 45 and 52 for the sealing purpose; and the upper ends of the studs 53 carry corresponding nuts 53', so as securely to retain together the rings 45 and 52. The intermediate portion of the manway 51 projects through aligned holes respectively formed in the top central portions of the side wall 32 of the intermediate layer 31 and the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21; whereby the upper end of the manway 51 projects well above the top central portion of the laminated side wall 12 of the body 11. The upper portion of the manway 51 carries a flat annular ring 55 in surrounding relation therewith and rigidly secured thereto, as by welding. The top of the ring 55, at one side thereof, carries a pair of upstanding hinge members 56 that carry a pintle 57 extending therebetween. Also, a cover 58 is operatively associated with the top end of the manway 51; which cover 58 carries a hinge member 59 that is arranged between the hinge members 56 and operatively connected to the pintle 57. Thus, the cover 58 is pivotally mounted upon the pintle 57 for movements between open and closed positions with respect to the top end of the manway 51. A resilient sealing gasket 60 of annular form is arranged in a corresponding annular slot provided in the inner surface of the cover 58; which gasket 60 seals the adjacent end of the manway 51 and inner surface of the cover 58, when the cover 58 occupies its closed position. Further, a number of lugs 61 are carried by the top of the ring 55 in circumferentially spaced-apart relation; and a corresponding number of eye bolts 62 are respectively pivotally mounted upon pins 61 respectively carried by the lugs 61. A corresponding number of slots 58a are formed about the periphery of the cover 58; which slots 58a are adapted respectively to receive the eye bolts 62, when the eye bolts 62 are pivoted upwardly about the pintles 61' carried by the lugs 61 and the cover 58 occupies its closed position. The outer ends of the eye bolts 62 respectively carry clamping nuts 63 that are adapted to engage and clamp in place the cover 58, when the same occupies its closed position and the eye bolts 62 occupy their upwardly pivoted positions. Further, the cover 58 carries a handle 64 to facilitate pivoting thereof between its open and closed positions.

A substantially saddle-shaped ring 25 is carried by the top central portion of the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21 in surrounding relation with the hole therein through which the upstanding manway 51 projects; which ring 25 is rigidly secured in place, as by welding. In turn a short upstanding tube 65 is rigidly secured to the ring 25 as by welding; which tube 65 surrounds the aligned holes respectively formed in the elements 32, 22 and 25. An annular ring-like member 66, preferably formed of plastic material, and having a substantially L-shaped cross section is carried jointly by the outer peripheral portion of the ring 55 and by the upper end portion of the ring 65, thereby to define a hollow cavity surrounding the lower and intermediate portions of the manway 51; and arranged in this cavity is an annular ring 67 of heat-insulating material. The ring 67 closely surrounds the manway 51 and extends into the aligned holes respectively formed in the elements 32, 22 and 25. Preferably, the ring 67 .is formed of synthetic organic resin of cellular structure and of the composition of the intermediate layer 31, as explained more fully hereinafter. The top central portion of the cover 58 carries a vacuum relief valve 68 of conventional construction and arrangement.

Operatively associated with the upper end of the manway 51 is a bonnet 69 that is of hollow inverted bucketlike construction and that includes a metal outer shell 70 and an inner layer 71 of heat-insulating material. Preferably,the inner layer 71 is formed of synthetic organic resin of cellular structure and of the composition of the intermediate layer 31, as explained more fully hereinafter. The lower portion of the outer shell 70 is connected to the upper portion of the ring 66 by a hinge device 72, adjacent to the hinge elements 56 and 57; whereby the honnet 69 is mounted for hinged movements between open and closed positions with respect to the upper end of the manway 51. A handle 73 is carried by the outer shell '70 to facilitate movements of the bonnet 69 between its open and closed positions. When the bonnet 69 occupies its closed positions, it complements the ring 67 to heat-insulate the upper end of the manway 51 from the ambient. Further, the lower portion of the outer shell 70 and the upper portion of the ring 66 carry complementary fastening parts 74 and 75 that are adapted to be fastened together by a removable element 76, thereby to restrain the bonnet 69 in its closed position.

Referring now to FIG. 5, the top portion of the side wall 42 of the inner liner 41 has an opening formed therein, to one side of the manway structure 50, into which a thread fixture 46 is rigidly secured in place, as by welding. The safety vent 80 comprises an upstanding tube 81 having a threaded inner end that projects through aligned holes respectively formed in the side wall 32 of the intermediate layer 31 and in the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21;, whereby the threaded inner end of the tube 81 is secured in place in fluid-tight relation with the fixture 46. A short upstanding ring 82 surrounding the tube 81 is carried by the top of the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21 and rigidly secured thereto, as by welding. A ring 83 of heat-insulating material is arranged in surrounding relation with the inner end and the intermediate portion of the tube 81; which ring 83 is disposed within the holes respectively formed in the elements 32 and 22 and within the ring 82. A cap 84 is rigidly secured to the upper portion of the tube 81, as by welding; which cap 84 is disposed above the top of the ring 82 and is provided with a depending annular skirt 85 surrounding the ring 82. Preferably, the ring 83 is formed of synthetic organic resin of cellular structure and of the composition of the intermediate layer 31, as explained more fully hereinafter. Of course, the cap 84 prevents the entry of water into the cavity in which the ring 83 is arranged. The upper end of the tube 81 carries a casing, not shown in FIG. 5, that houses the usual and conventional safety vent. Of course, the device protects the inner liner 41 against abnormally high pressures.

Referring now to FIG. 6, aligned openings are respectively formed in the bottom central portions of the side Wall 42 of the inner liner 41, the side wall 32 of the intermediate layer 31, and the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21. A substantially saddle-shaped ring 47 of sheet metal is carried by the outer surface of the side wall 42 and rigidly secured thereto, as by welding; and a substantially saddle-shaped ring 27 of sheet metal is carried by the outer surface of the side wall 22 and rigidly secured thereto, as by welding. A ring 91 is suitably secured to the outer surface of the ring 47, as by welding; and an outlet valve casing 92 is provided that has a top flange 93 that is detachably secured in fluid-tight relation with the ring 91 and that has a bottom flange 94 that is secured in fluid-tight relation with a ring 95. The ring 95 is in turn rigidly secured, as by welding, to a depending tube 96 having a threaded lower end carrying a removable threaded cap 97. The valve casing 92 is arranged in the aligned holes respectively provided in the elements 32 and 22, and projects downwardly through the ring 27 and well below the bottom central portion of the body 11. Also, the valve casing 92 houses valve mechanism, not shown, and selectively operable between open and closed positions by an associated manually operable handle 98. In view of the foregoing, it will be understood that after the cap 97 is removed from the threaded lower end of the tube 96, the handle 98 may be operated to actuate the valve mechanism into its open position; whereby the fluid lading contained in the inner liner 41 flows by gravity through the openings in the elements 42, 47 and 91 into the valve casing 92, and therefrom via the element 95 and the tube 96 to the exterior, so as to effect unloading of the fluid lading from the inner liner 41.

A tubular casing 99 is carried by the ring 27 and rigidly secured thereto, as by welding; which casing 99 surrounds the valve casing 92 and projects downwardly to a position disposed below the ring 95 and above the cap 97. An end wall 100 is arranged within the lower end of the casing 99 and disposed in surrounding relation with the intermediate portion of the tube 96 and retained in place by a series of screws 101 carried by the lower end of the casing 99. The casing 99 and the end wall 100 cooperate to define a cavity surrounding the valve casing 92; and this cavity is filled with a mass 102 of heat-insulating material that may take the form of fibrous glass. The mass 102 extends into the aligned holes formed in the elements 32, 22 and 27 and embeds the valve casing 92 and the ring 95, as well as the inner end of the tube 96.

In the operation of the railway tank car 10, the inner liner 41 is adapted to receive cold ladings having temperatures as low as about 50 F.; and it is undesirable to refrigerate the lading during several days of transit of the car 10; and it is required that the temperature rise of the lading be limited to several-degrees F. even when the ambient temperature is as high as 100 F. Also, in the operation of the railway tank car 10, the inner liner 41 is adapted to receive hot ladings having temperatures as high as 300 F.; and it is undesirable to heat the lading during several days of transit of the car 10; and it is required that the temperature fall of the lading be limited to several degrees F. even when the ambient temperature is as low as 0 F. In order to meet-this diflicult specification, it is essential that the resin of the intermediate layer 31 comprises a polyester-urethane resin of closed-cell structure entrapping substantial inert gas selected from the class consisting of a chlorine-fluorine substituted alkane; whereby this resin has a K-factor at least as low as about 0.15 B.t.u./in./sq. ft./hr./ F. in order to heat-insulate from each other the outer shell 21 and the inner liner 41. Likewise, the ring 67 and the inner liner 71 incorporated in the manway structure 50 are formed of the resin specified in order to heat-insulate the manway 51 and the components cooperating therewith from the ambient. Similarly, the ring 83 incorporated in the safety vent 80 is formed of the resin specified in order to heat-insulate the inner liner 41 from the ambient.

Reverting to the inert gases specified, this class of compounds comprises CHClF CHCI F, CCl F CCl F, C Cl F and C Cl F and of these gases CCl F and CCl F are normally preferred as a matter of efficiency and economy. The utilization of these inert gases as the blowing agent is very important since a typical polyester-urethane resin blown with CCl F has a K-factor as low as about 0.122, while a comparable typical polyester-urethane resin blown with CO has a K-factor of about 0.191. For reference purposes it is noted that a comparable cellular polystyrene resin as a K-factor of about 0.220.

The utilization of a polyester-urethane resin, instead of a polyether-urethane resin, is very important, since the chemical stability of the polyester-urethane resin is much greater than the polyether-urethane resin, particularly, when the resin is subject to a temperature higher than about 150 F. In this regard, it is mentioned that at temperatures above about 200 F., the polyester-urethane resin is altogether stable, while the polyether-urethane resin undergoes substantial damage by decomposition.

Again reverting to FIG. 2, it is noted that the end walls 33 and 34 of the intermediate layer 31 have a relatively high density of at least about 4 pounds/ cu. ft., while the side wall 32 of the intermediate layer 31 has a relatively low density of about 2 pounds/ cu. ft.; whereby the high density resin has a yield strength of about 50 lbs./ sq. in., while the low density resin has a yield strength of about lbs. sq. in. This arrangement is very advantageous, since the high density resin of the end walls 33 and 34 of the intermediate layer 31 enable the same to withstand the great forces to which they are subjected by the respective end walls 43 and 44 of the inner liner 41 incident to impact conditions of the lading contained in the inner liner 41, as a result of coupling of the railway tank car 10 in a train, etc. Also, the utilization of polyester-urethane resin, as distinguished from polyether-urethane resin, is advantageous from the standpoint that the polyester-urethane resin has a higher yield strength than the polyetherurethane resin, employing resins of comparable density.

The following example of a polyester-urethane resin of cellular form and of closed-cell structure and blown by an inert gas of the class specified is recommended for the production of the side wall 32 of the intermediate layer 31, and the elements 67, 71 and 83. This resin is produced by a machine comprising tanks A and B respectively containing two portions of the ingredients, as noted below. The contents of tank A are maintained at a temperature of about 70 F. and the contents of tank B are maintained at a temperature of about 190 F.; the contents of the two tanks are mixed at a rate of about 5500 r.p.m. and in about equal parts by weight and immediately applied to the mold.

Tank A contains the ingredients in parts by weight:

Tank B contains the ingredients in parts by weight:

Parts Chlorinated polyester, Hetrafoarn 250 (Durez Plastics) 100 In tank A the trichloromonofluoromethane is a propellant and blowing agent, and the silicone compound is an agent for controlling the cell structure of the cured polyester-urethane resin; and in tank B the chlorination of the polyester renders the cured polyester-urethane resin flame self-quenching. This polyester in tank B essentially comprises the basic reaction product of maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride with propylene glycol; a typical formula comprising 0.5 mole maleic anhydride, 0.5 mole phthalic anhydride, and 1.1 moles of propylene glycol. A small amount of cobalt naphthenate, as an accelerator, and a small amount of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, as a catalyst, may also be added to the basic ingredients named above for the fundamental purpose if controlling the degree of prepolymerization thereof in the production of this linear polyester. Also, the chlorination of this linear polyester is normally carried out subsequent to the prepolymerization mentioned and may be omitted if the flame self-quenching characteristic noted is not desired in the ultimately produced polyester-urethane resin, However, this characteristic is highly desirable, as it increases the safety factor of the resin and contributes to chemical stability thereof when it is subjected to relatively high temperatures.

This blown polyester-urethane resin after curing has a density of about 2 pounds/ cu. ft., as previously noted.

Now, in order to produce the blown polyester-urethane resin having a density of about 4 pounds/cu. ft. for the production of the end walls 33 and 34 of the intermediate layer 31, it is only necessary to decrease the proportion of ingredients taken from tank A in the mixture; whereby the contents of the two tanks A and B are mixed in this case in the ratio of approximately 40%:60% by weight and at a rate of about 5500 r.p.m. and immediately applied to the mold. It is the decreased amount of trichloromonofluoromethane in this mix that produces a decreased porosity in the cured polyester-urethane resin, causing the same to be of higher density and of greater rigidity, with respect to the cured polyester-urethane resin first described.

The foregoing examples of the chemistry of the polyester-urethane resin are well known within themselves; whereby these formulations have been set forth herein only by way of examples, so as positively to insure that the corresponding resins incorporated in the railway tank car 10 possess the desired chemical and physical properties that are required therein, as previously explained in conjunction with the construction and arrangement thereof. Thus, it will be readily apparent that other chemical formulations of these polyester-urethane resins may be substituted in the railway tank car 10.

In a constructional example of the railway tank car 10; the longitudinal distance over the strikers at the extreme outer ends of the stub draft sills 16 is 340 /2; the longitudinal distance between the centers of the body bolsters is 209"; the vertical distance between the tops of the rail heads and the longitudinal centerline of the stub draft sills 16 is 34 /2"; the vertical distance between the tops of the rail heads and the longitudinal center line of the body 11 is 93% the longitudinal distance over the end walls 23 and 24 of the outer shell 21 is 300 /2"; the longitudinal distance over the end walls 43 and 44 of the inner liner 41 is 292"; the internal diameter of the side wall 22 of the outer shell 21 is 102"; the internal diameter of the side wall 42 of the inner liner 41 is 94"; and the inner liner 41 is spaced substantially uniformly inwardly of the outer shell 21, so that the intermediate layer 31 has a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 4" in the side wall 32 and in the end walls 33 and 34 thereof. The outer shell 21 is formed of low carbon steel sheet having a thickness of 7 and is of welded construction; and the inner liner 41 is formed of low carbon steel sheet having a thickness of 7 and is of welded construction. Also, the interior surface of the inner liner 41 carries a substantially uniform baked phenolic coating having a thickness in the general range 0.010" to 0.030".

Considering now the method of making the railway tank car body 11 embodying the present invention, and referring to FIGS. 7 to 9, inclusive, a subassembly is first 9 produced of the outer shell side wall 22 and the outer shell end wall 23, together with the saddle plates carried by the opposite lower end portions of the outer casing side wall 22; whereby one end of the outer shell side wall 22 is closed by the outer shell end wall 23, and the other end of the outer shell side wall 22 is open, but is adapted to be closed by the outer shell end wall 24. This subassembly is arranged in a vertical position with the outer shell end wall 23 at the bottom, and is held in such position upon blocks, indicated at 701 in FIG. 7. The inner liner 41 is completely fabricated and fluid-pressure tested to insure that it is of sound fluid-tight construction.

A block 33a of polyester-urethane resin is cemented in place upon the central outer surface of the inner liner end wall 43; which block 33a has the approximate composition of the intermediate layer end wall 33 and has a thickness somewhat in excess of 4". The inner liner 41 is then lowered into the open upper end of the outer casing side wall 22 causing the block 33a to engage the inner surface of the outer casing end wall 23. The block 33a is compressed to a thickness of approximately 4" by the weight of the inner liner 41, so as properly to space the inner liner end wall 43 inwardly with respect to the outer shell end wall 23. Also, the inner liner side wall 42 is arranged substantially concentrically within the outer shell side wall 22 to provide a substantially uniform annular space therebetween. Further, the inner liner 41 is rotated about its longitudinal axis, so that the openings provided in the inner liner side wall 42 register with the corresponding openings provided in the outer shell side wall 22.

The forms F50, F80 and F90 are then inserted from the exterior of the outer shell side wall 22 into the corresponding aligned openings in the respective outer shell side wall 22 and inner liner side wall 42, so as to plug the openings mentioned both to the interior of the inner liner side wall 42 and to the exterior of the outer shell side wall 22.

The uncured ingredients of the polyester-urethane resin are then foamed into the space to produce the intermediate layer end wall 33 upon setting-up; which ingredients adhere to the block 33a, thereby incorporating the same into the intermediate layer end wall 33. The uncured ingredients mentioned set-up rather quickly at room temperature to produce the intermediate layer end wall 33.

Thereafter, the uncured ingredients of the polyesterurethane resin are foamed into the space to produce the intermediate layer side wall 32 upon setting-up. This foaming operation should be carried out in a plurality of steps to produce the intermediate layer side wall 32 in a number of sections, each about'3 feet high, with setting-up of each section prior to foaming of the next adjacent section. This procedure is recommended, since a section that is too high does not permit proper escape of the inert blowing agent, as is desirable to obtain a substantially uniform cellular structure in the section undergoing setting-up.

Thereafter, the outer shell end wall 24 is placed upon the adjacent end of the outer shell side wall 22 and welded in place; whereby a space is provided between the inner liner end wall 44 and the outer shell end wall 24 that is adapted to receive the uncured ingredients of the polyester-urethane resin that produce the intermediate layer end wall 34 upon setting-up. The central portion of the outer shell end wall 24 has an opening therein, in which a threaded spud 24a is rigidly secured, as by welding; which threaded spud 24a is adapted to receive the cooperating threaded plug 241).

The uncured ingredients of the polyester-urethane resin are then foamed in place through the opening in the spud 24a; whereby the intermediate layer end wall 34 is produced upon setting-up of the uncured ingredients mentioned; whereupon the plug 24b is set in the spud 24a to render water-tight the outer casing end wall 24.

Thereafter, the forms F50, F80 and F90 are removed from the openings in the outer shell side wall 22; and the body 11 is placed in an inverted horizontal position. In this position, the stub draft sills 16 are welded to the saddle plates 15, and the body bolsters 17 are welded to the stub draft sills 16, and the pedestals 18 are welded both to the body bolsters 17 and to the saddle plates15; thereby to finish the principal elements of the draft structure for the railway tank car 10. At this time, the body 11 carrying the stub draft sills 16, etc., may be mounted upon the associated wheeled trucks 19. Ultimately the elements 50, 80, 90, 110, etc., of the railway tank car 10 are produced in a conventional manner.

Considering now a modified form of the method of making the railway tank car body 11 embodying the present invention, and referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, a subassembly is first produced of the outer shell side wall 22, together with the saddle plates 15; whereby both ends of the outer shell side wall 22 are open; which subassembly is suitably mounted in a horizontal position. In this case the top of the outer shell side wall 22 carries a series of threaded spuds, indicated at 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, 222 and 22 The inner liner 41 is completely fabricated and fluidpressure tested to insure that it is of sound fluid-tight construction.

A series of rings 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d, 32c, and 32 each formed of polyester-urethane resin, are cemented in place, in longitudinally spaced-apart relation, upon the outer sur' face of the liner 41; each of the rings 32 etc., is assembled in complementary halves, as indicated at 32fa and 32fb in FIG. 11. Each of the rings 32a, etc., has the approximate composition of the intermediate layer side wall 32, and a radial thickness between the inner and outer circumferences thereof of about 4". The inner liner 41 is then slid in place horizontally into the outer shell side wall 22; whereby it is supported by the rings. 32a, etc., in a position wherein the inner liner side wall 42 is disposed substantially concentrically within the outer shell side wall 22 and with the inner liner end wall 43 and 44 projecting substantially equally from the opposite open ends of the outer shell side wall 22. Further, the inner liner 41 is rotated about its longitudinal axis, so that the openings provided in the inner liner side wall 42 register with the corresponding openings provided in the outer shell side wall 22.

The forms F50, F and F are then inserted from the exterior of the outer shell side wall 22 into the corresponding aligned openings in the respective outer shell side Wall 22 and inner liner side wall 42, so as to plug the openings mentioned both to the interior of the inner liner side wall 42 and to the exterior of the outer shell side wall 22. In this case, the rings 32a, 32b, etc., cooperate with each other and with the inner liner side wall 42 and the outer shell side wall 22 to define a plurality of longitudinally spaced-apart ring-shaped voids respectively accessible from the exterior via the spuds 22b, 22c, etc., and disposed in surrounding relation with the inner liner side wall 42.

Thereafter, the uncured ingredients of the polyesterurethane resin are foamed through the spuds 22b, 22c, 22d, and 22c and through a slot F50a provided in the side of the form F50 into the voids mentioned, so as to produce the intermediate layer side Wall 32 upon setting-up. As illustrated, five of the voids mentioned are thus filled, whereby the rings 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d, 32c and 32 are thus integrated into the composite intermediate layer side wall 32 upon setting-up of the uncured ingredients mentioned.

Thereafter, the outer shell end walls 23 and 24 are placed upon the adjacent ends of the outer shell side wall 32 and welded in place; whereby two spaces are provided between the inner liner end walls 43 and 44 and the respective outer shell end walls 23 and 24.

Thereafter, the uncured ingredients of the polyesterurethane resin are formed through the spuds 22a and 221 into the two spaces mentioned; thereby to produce the two intermediate layer end walls 33 and 34 upon setting-up.

Thereafter, the forms F50, F80 and F90 are removed from the openings in the outer shell side wall 22; the spuds 22a, 22b, 22c, 22a, 22:; and 22] are closed by associated plugs, not shown; and the body 11 is placed in an inverted horizontal position. In this position, the stub draft sills 16 are welded to the saddle plates 15; and thereafter, the railway car is finished, in the manner previously described.

The above described method of making the railway tank car body 11 is disclosed and claimed in the copending divisional application of Charles T. Graves, Ser. No. 497,664, filed Oct. 19, 1965.

The formulation of the intermediate layer 31 of polyester-urethane is also very advantageous with respect to the method of making the railway tank car 10, since it is most desirable to foam the intermediate layer 31 in place prior to welding in place the stub draft sills 16, etc. Now, while the saddle plates 15 offer some protection to the intermediate layer 31 against the heat developed incident to the welding in place of the stub draft sills 16, nevertheless hot spots are developed in the intermediate layer 31 at this time. However, these hot spots do not have temperatures in excess of about 300 F. and this high temperature is maintained only during a short time interval; whereby there is no damage to the intermediate layer 31, since it is formed of polyester-urethane. Again, it is noted that this would not be the case, if the intermediate layer 31 were formed of other types of polyurethane resins, such, for example, as polyether-urethane; whereby the polyester-urethane resin as the material of which the intermediate layer 31 is formed represents a significant and important feature of construction of the railway car 10. Also, it is reiterated that the polyesterurethane resin of the intermediate resin layer 31 must be blown with a chlorine-fluorine substituted alkane in order to obtain the desirable low K-factor that is essential to satisfactory operation of the railway tank car 10, since the same may be employed for cold ladings or hot ladings in accordance with a feature of construction thereof. Also, it is a feature of construction of the railway tank car 10 that the same comprises neither auxiliary refrigerating apparatus nor auxiliary heating apparatus; whereby a cold lading must be precooled before it is loaded into the inner liner 41 and a hot lading must be preheated before it is loaded into the inner liner 41. Although it is not essential, it is highly advantageous to precool the inner liner 41, prior to loading a cold lading thereinto, by blowing a stream of cold air therethrough, and to preheat the inner liner 41, prior to loading a hot lading thereinto, by blowing a stream of hot air therethrough. This procedure prevents thermal shock to liner 41 and avoids changing the temperature of the lading in the loading step.

In the operation of the railway tank car 10, it is contemplated that the inner liner 41 will be loaded through the manw-ay structure 50 and will be unloaded through the outlet valve structure 90. The vacuum relief valve 68 protects the inner liner 41 against undesirable low pressures, and the safety vent 80 protects the inner liner 41 against undesirable high pressures. Also, it is noted that the intermediate layer 31 is quite resilient, thereby to protect the inner liner 41 against the transmission of vibration and shock thereto incident to operation of the railway tank car 10. Not only do the end walls 33 and 34 of the intermediate layer 31 offer protection to the inner liner 41 against undue longitudinal shifting within the outer shell 21, but the side wall 32 of the intermediate layer 31 also offers such protection to the inner liner 41, since the side wall 32 of the intermediate layer 31 is subjected to shear stresses incident to such longitudinal shifting of the inner liner 41, so that the same resiliently opposes such shifting. This effect is produced by virtue of the intimate bonding of the intermediate layer 31 throughout the internal surface thereof to the adjacent external surface of the inner liner 41 and the intimate bonding of the intermediate layer 31 throughout the external surface thereof to the adjacent internal surface of the outer shell 21. Specifically, the side wall 32 of the intermediate layer 31 of the composition heretofore specified has an ultimate shear strength of about 25 p.s.i., and an ultimate tensile strength of about 30 p.s.i.; whereby the inner liner 41 is capable of carrying safely quite dense ladings without danger of pulling the inner liner 41 loose from the intermediate layer 31 or pulling the intermediate layer loose from the outer shell 21, particularly at the top surfaces thereof that are subjected to tensile stresses, when the inner liner 41 is loaded.

In view of the foregoing, it is apparent that there has been provided a railway tank car of the heat-insulated type that is of improved construction and arrangement.

While there has been described what is at present considered to be the preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be understood that various modifications may be made therein, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

1. A railway tank car comprising an elongated longitudinally extending tubular body disposed in a substantially horizontal position, said body including an outer shell of strong rigid self-supporting metal structure, a pair of longitudinally extending and aligned stub draft sills each of strong rigid metal structure and respectively disposed below the opposite ends of said outer shell and rigidly secured thereto, whereby draft and buff forces are applied between said stub draft sills through said outer shell, a pair of longitudinally spaced-apart and laterally extending body bolsters respectively carried by said stub draft sills, a pair of wheeled trucks respectively disposed below and in supporting relation with said body bolsters, said body also including an intermediate layer of resilient cellular material completely enclosed by said outer shell, said body further including an inner liner of fluid-tight construction completely enclosed by said intermediate layer, the outer and inner surfaces of said intermediate layer being respectively intimately bonded to the inner surface of said outer shell and to the outer surface of said inner liner, said intermediate layer having a substantial thickness in order completely to separate and to isolate said outer shell from said inner liner and resiliently to support said inner liner upon said outer shell, said intermediate layer consisting essentially of a blown polyester-urethane resin of closed-cell structure entrapping substantial inert gas, wherein said inert gas consists essentially of a chlorine-fluorine substituted alkane, whereby said intermediate layer has a K factor at least as low as about 0.15 B.t.u./in. sq. ft./hr./ F. in order to heat-insulate from each other said outer shell and said inner liner, and whereby said inner liner may safely carry ladings having temperatures in the range 50 F. to +300 F. without damage to said intermediate layer, a tubular fitting carried by said body, the inner end of said fitting be- .ing sealed in fluid-tight relation with an opening provided in said inner liner and the intermediate portion of said fitting projecting through a pair of aligned holes respectively provided in said intermediate layer and in said outer shell and the outer end of said fitting being accessible from the exterior of said outer shell, thereby to accommodate the passage of a fluid lading through said fitting between the interior of said inner liner and the exterior, means carried by said fitting for selectively opening and closing the passage therethrough, and a body of heatinsulating material arranged in surrounding relation with the inner end and the intermediate portion of said fitting and within said holes in order to minimize heat-transfer ialong said fitting between said outer shell and said inner rner.

2. A railway tank car comprising an elongated longitudinally extending tubular body disposed in a substantially horizontal position, said body including an outer shell of strong rigid self-supporting metal structure, a pair of longitudinally extending and aligned stub draft sills each of strong rigid metal structure and respectively disposed below the opposite ends of said outer shell and rigidly secured thereto, whereby draft and buff forces are applied between said stub draft sills through said outer shell, a pair of longitudinally spaced-apart and laterally extending body bolsters respectively carried by said' stub draft sills, a pair of wheeled trucks respectively disposed below and in supporting relation with said body bolsters, said body also including an intermediate layer of resilient cellular material completely enclosed by said outer shell, said body further including an inner liner of fluid-tight construction completely enclosed by said intermediate layer, the outer and inner surfaces of said intermediate layer being respectively intimately bonded to the inner surface of said outer shell and to the outer surface of said.

inner liner, said intermediate layer having a substantial thickness in order completely to separate and to isolate said outer shell from said inner liner and resiliently to support said inner liner upon said outer shell, said inter-. mediate layer consisting essentially of a blown polyester-.

urethane resin of closed-cell structure entr-apping substantially inert gas, wherein said inert gas consists essentially of a chlorine-fluorine substituted alkane, whereby said intermediate layer has a K-factor at least as low as about 0.15 B.t.u./in. sq. ft./hr./ F. in order to heatinsulate from each other said outer shell and said inner liner, and. whereby" said inner liner may safely carry ladings having temperatures in the range 50 F. to +300 F. without damage to said intermediate layer, an annular flange carried by said inner liner and sealed in fluid-tight relation therewith and disposed in surrounding relation with an opening provided therein, a valve provided with. a casing detachably secured to said flange in fluid-tight relation therewith, said flange projecting into a first hole provided in said intermediate layer and said valve easing projecting through said first hole and thence through an aligned second hole provided in said outer shell, a housing carried by said outer shell and enclosing the outer portion of said valve casing, and a body of heat-insulating material arranged in surrounding relation with said casing and within said holes and within said housing in order to minimize heat-transfer along said casing between sai outer shell and said inner liner.

3. A railway tank car comprising an elongated longitudinally extending tubular body disposed in a substantially horizontal position, said body including an outer shell of strong rigid self-supporting metal structure, a pair of longitudinally extending and aligned stub draft sills each of strong rigid metal structure and respectively disposed below the opposite ends of said outer shell and rigidly secured thereto, whereby draft and buff forces are applied between said stub draft sills through said outer shell, a pair of longitudinally spaced-apart and laterally extending body bolsters respectively carried by said stub draft sills, a pair of wheeled trucks respectively disposed below and in supporting relation with said body bolsters, said body also including an intermediate layer of resilient cellular material completely enclosed by said outer shell, said body further including an inner liner of fluid-tight construction completely enclosed by said intermediate layer, the outer and inner surfaces of said intermediate layer being respectively intimately bonded to the inner surface of said outer shell and to the outer surface of said inner layer, said intermediate layer having a substantial thickness in order completely to separate and to isolate said outer shell from said inner liner and resiliently to support said inner liner upon said outer shell, said intermediate layer consisting essentially of a blown polyesterurethane resin of closed-cell structure entrapping substantial inert gas, wherein said inert gas consists essentially of a chlorine-fluorine substituted alkane, whereby said intermediate layer has a K-factor at least as low as about 0.15 B.t.u./in. sq. ft./hr./ F. in order to heat-insulate from each other said outer shell and said inner liner, and where by said inner liner may safely carry ladings having temperatures in the range -50 -F. to +300 F. without damage to said intermediate layer, upstanding tubular manway structure carried by the top central portion of said body, the lower, end of said manway structure being sealed in fluid-tight relation with a manway opening provided in said inner liner and the intermediate portion of said manway structure projecting upwardly through aligned holes respectively provided in said intermediate layer and in said outer shell, a housing carried by said body and surrounding the intermediate portion of said manway structure, a body of heat-insulating material arranged in surrounding relation with the lower end and the intermediate portion of said manway structure and within said housing and within said holes in order to minimize heat-transfer along saidmanway structure between said. outer shell and said inner liner, the upper end of said manway structure projecting upwardly above said housing and being accessible from the exterior, a cover carried by the upper portion of said manway structure above said housing and selectively movable between open and closed positions with respect to the upper open end of said manway structure, said cover in its closed position being in gastight sealed relation with the upper end of said manway structure, and a heat-insulating bonnet carried by said housing and selectively movable into open and closed positions with respect thereto, said bonnet in its closed position covering said cover in its closed position and enclosing the upper end of said manway structure in order to minimize heat-transfer between the upper end of said manway structure and the exterior.

4. A railway tank car comprising an elongated longitudinal-1y extending body including a tubular side wall disposed in a substantially horizontal position and a pair of upstanding end walls respectively disposed at the opposite ends of said side wall, said body including an outer shell of strong rigid self-supporting metal structure, a pair-of longitudinally extending and aligned stub draft sills-each of strong rigid metal structure and respectively disposed below the opposite end portions of the side wall of said outer shell and rigidly secured thereto, whereby draft and buff forces are applied between said stub draft sills'through the side Wall of said outer shell, a pair of longitudinally spaced-apart and laterally extending body bolsters respectively carried by said stub draft sills, and a pair of wheeled trucks respectively disposed below and in supporting relation with said body bolsters, said body also including an intermediate layer of resilient cellular material completely enclosed by said outer shell, said body further including an inner liner of fluid-tight construction completely enclosed by said intermediate layer, the outer and inner surfaces of said intermediate layer being respectively intimately bonded to the inner surface of said outer shell and to the outer surfaces of said inner liner, said intermediate layer having a substantial thickness in order completely to separate and to isolate said outer shell from said inner liner and resiliently to support said inner liner upon said outer shell, the two end sections of said intermediate layer respectively disposed between the end walls of said outer shell and the end walls of said inner liner being formed of relatively high density cellular resin, the remainder of said intermediate layer disposed between the side wall of said outer shell and the side Wall of said inner liner being formed of relatively low density cellular resin, whereby the high density cellular resin possesses a substantially higher yield strength than the low density cellular resin, said intermediate layer consisting essentially of a blown polyester-urethane resin of closed-cell structure entrapping substantially inert gas, wherein said inert gas consists essentially of a chlorine-fluorine substituted alkane, whereby said intermediate layer has a K-factor at least as low as about 015 B.t.u./in./sq. ft./hr./ F. in order to heat-insulate from each other said outer shell and said inner liner, and whereby said inner liner may safely carry ladings having temperatures in the general range 50 F. to +300 F. without damage to said intermediate layer.

5. The railway tank car set forth in claim 4, wherein the high density cellular resin has a weight of at least about 4 pounds per cubic foot and the low density cellular resin has a weight of at least about 2 pounds per cubic foot.

6. A railway tank car comprising an elongated longitudinally extending body including a tubular side wall disposed in a substantially horizontal position and a pair of upstanding end walls respectively disposed at the opposite ends of said side wall, said body including an outer shell of strong rigid self-supporting metal structure, a pair of longitudinally extending and aligned stub draft sills each of strong rigid metal structure and respectively disposed below the opposite end portions of the side wall of said outer shell and rigidly secured thereto, whereby draft and buff forces are applied between said stub draft sills through the side wall of said outer shell, a pair of longitudinally spaced-apart and laterally extending body bolsters respectively carried by said stub draft sills, and a pair of wheeled trucks respectively disposed below and in supporting relation with said body bolsters, said body also including an intermediate layer of resilient cellular material completely enclosed by said outer shell, said body further including an inner liner of fluid-tight construction completely enclosed by said intermediate layer, the outer and inner surfaces of said intermediate layer being respectively intimately bonded to the inner surface of said outer shell and to the outer surface of said inner liner, said intermediate layer having a substantial thickness in order completely to separate and to isolate said outer shell from said inner liner and resiliently to support said inner liner upon said outer shell, the two end sertions of said intermediate layer respectively disposed between the end walls of said outer shell and the end walls of said inner liner being formed of relatively high density cellular resin, the remainder of said intermediate layer disposed between the side Wall of said outer shell and the side wall of said inner liner being formed of relatively low density cellular resin, wherein the high density cellular resin possesses a yield strength at least as high as about 50 p.s.i., wherein the low density cellular resin possesses a yield strength at least as high as about 15 p.s.i., said intermediate layer consisting essentially of a blown polyurethane resin of closed-cell structure entrapping substantial inert gas, wherein said inert gas consists essentially of a chlorine-fluorine substituted alkane, whereby said intermediate layer has a K-factor at least as low as about 0.15 B.t.u./in./sq. ft./hr./ F. in order to heat-insulate from each other said outer shell and said inner liner 7. The railway tank car set forth in claim 6, wherein said polyurethane resin is characterized by chemical stability over at least the operating temperature range from about F. to about +300 F., whereby said railway tank car is especially adapted for the transportation in said inner liner of either cold or hot ladings with a minimum heat-exchange between said outer shell and said inner liner, so that the lading contained in said inner liner undergoes a minimum temperature change in the transportation thereof during a prolonged time interval.

8. The railway tank car set forth in claim 7, wherein said polyurethane resin consists essentially of polyesterurethane resin.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,199,816 10/1916 Ostrander -360 2,000,819 5/1935 Burkhardt 105-360 2,237,310 4/ 1941 Norborn 2805 2,653,139 9/1953 Sterling 296-31 2,744,042 5/1956 Pace 296-31 2,791,826 5/1957 Fageol 29469 2,832,131 4/1958 Leitner et al. 29469 2,858,580 11/1958 Thompson et al 296-31 2,907,284 10/1959 Folmsbee 105-360 2,980,972 4/1961 Kloote et al. 296-31 3,139,842 7/1964 Moyes et al. 105-360 3,158,383 11/1964 Anderson et al 105-360 3,163,434 12/1964 Krueger 296-31 3,163,435 12/1964 Krueger et al 296-31 3,175,520 3/1965 Talmey 105-404 ARTHUR L. LA POINT, Primary Examiner.

EUGENE G. BOTZ, Examiner.

D. E. HOFFMAN, Assistant Examiner. 

1. A RAILWAY TANK CAR COMPRISING AN ELONGATED LONGITUDINALLY EXTENDING TUBULAR BODY DISPOSED IN A SUBSTANTIALLY HORIZONTAL POSITION, AND BODY INCLUDING AN OUTER SHELL OF STRONG RIGID SELF-SUPPORTING METAL STRUCTURE, A PAIR OF LONGITUDINALLY EXTENDING AND ALIGNED STUB DRAFT SILLS EACH OF STRONG RIDIG METAL STRUCTURE AND RESPECTIVELY DISPOSED BELOW THE OPPOSITE ENDS OF SAID OUTER SHELL AND RIDIGLY SECURED THERETO, WHEREBY DRAFT AND BUFF FORCES ARE APPLIED BETWEEN SAID STUB DRAFT SILLS THROUGH SAID OUTER SHELL, A PAIR OF LONGITUDIANLLY SPACED-APART AND LATERALLY EXTENDING BODY BOLSTERS RESPECTIVELY CARRIED BY SAID SUBDRAFTS SILLS, A PAIR OF WHEELED TRUCKS RESPECTIVELY DISPOSED BELOW AND IN SUPPORTING RELATION WITH SAID BODY BOLSTERS, SAID BODY ALSO INCLUDING AN INTERMEDIATE LAYER OF RESILIENT CELLULAR MATERIAL COMPLETELY ENCLOSED BY SAID OUTER SHELL, SAID BODY FURTHER INCLUDING AN INNER LINER OF FLUID-TIGHT CONSTRUCTION COMPLETELY ENCLOSED BY SAID INTERMEDIATE LAYER, THE OUTER AND INNER SURFACES OF SAID INTERMEDIATE LAYER BEING RESPECTIVELY INTIMATELY BONDED TO THE INNER SURFACE OF SAID OUTER SHELL AND TO THE OUTER SURFACE OF SAID INNER LINER, SAID INTERMEDIATE LAYER HAVING A SUBSTANTIAL THICKNESS IN ORDER COMPLETELY TO SEPARATE AND TO ISOLATE SAID OUTER SHELL FROM SAID INNER LINER AND RESILIENTLY TO SUPPORT SAID INNER LINER UPON SAID OUTER SHELL, SAID INTERMEDIATE LAYER CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF A BLOWN POLYESTER-URETHANE RESIN OF CLOSED-CELL STRUCTURE ENTRAPPING SUBSTANTIAL INERT GAS, WHEREIN SAID INERT GAS CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF A CHLORINE-FLUORINE SUBSTITUTED ALKANE, WHEREBY SAID INTERMEDIATE LAYER HAS A K FACTOR AT LEAST AS LOW AS ABOUT 0.15 B.T.U/IN. SQ. FT./HR./*F. IN ORDER TO HEAT-INSULATE FROM EACH OTHER SAID OUTER SHELL AND SAID INNER LINER, AND WHEREBY SAID INNER LINER MAY SAFETY CARRY LADINGS HAVING TEMPERATURES IN THE RANGE -50*F. TO +300*F. WITHOUT DAMAGE TO SAID INTERMEDIATE LAYER, A TUBULAR FITTING CARRIED BY SAID BODY, THE INNER END OF SAID FITTING BEING SEALED IN FLUID-TIGHT RELATION WITH AN OPENING PROVIDED IN SAID INNER LINER AND THE INTERMEDIATE PORTION OF SAID FITTING PROJECTING THROUGH A PAIR OF ALIGNED HOLES RESPECTIVELY PROVIDED IN SAID INTERMEDIATE LAYER AND IN SAID OUTER SHELL AND THE OUTER END OF SAID FITTING BEING ACCESSIBLE FROM THE EXTERIOR OF SAID OUTER SHELL, THEREBY TO ACCOMMODATE THE PASSAGE OF A FLUID LADING THROUGH SAID FITTING BETWEEN THE INTERIOR OF SAID INNER LINER AND THE EXTERIOR, MEANS CARRIED BY SAID FITTING FOR SELECTIVELY OPENING AND CLOSING THE PASSAGE THERETHROUGH, AND A BODY OF HEATINSULATING MATERIAL ARRANGED IN SURROUNDING RELATION WITH THE INNER END AND THE INTERMEDIATE PORTION OF SAID FITTING AND WITHIN SAID HOLES IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE HEAT-TRANSFER ALONG SAID FITTING BETWEEN SAID OUTER SHELL AND SAID INNER LINER. 